Seondeok Kim

Junsu Kim

Sangun Choi

ComSys is pioneering research on various topics in computer architecture and system software designs. We design innovative computing systems to achieve better energy efficiencies in the Post-Moore era.
We are currently seeking motivated Ph.D. and integrated M.S./Ph.D. students. If you are interested in pursuing a Ph.D. with us, please contact Prof. Yunho Oh for more information.

EONSim: An NPU Simulator for On-Chip Memory and Embedding Vector Operations

Bauhaus: Restructuring Vector Database for LLM Retrieval on CXL-Based Tiered Memory

HALO: Hybrid Systolic Arrays via Logical Partitioning for Acceleration of Complex-Valued Neural Networks

FINEA: An Efficient Neural Network Accelerator Exploiting Factorized Input Features

A Low-latency On-chip Cache Hierarchy for Load-to-use Stall Reduction in GPUs

MOST: Memory Oversubscription-aware Scheduling for Tensor Migration on GPU Unified Storage

SSFFT: Energy-Efficient Selective Scaling for Fast Fourier Transform in Embedded GPUs

Kubism: Disassembling and Reassembling K-Means Clustering for Mobile Heterogeneous Platforms

Avant-Garde: Empowering GPUs with Scaled Numeric Formats

Hierarchical Traversal Stack Design Using Shared Memory for GPU Ray Tracing

Beyond VABlock: Improving Transformer Workloads through Aggressive Prefetching

TM-Training: An Energy-Efficient Tiered Memory System for Deep Learning Training in NPUs

Effective Interplay between Sparsity and Quantization: From Theory to Practice

Marching Page Walks: Batching and Concurrent Page Table Walks for Enhancing GPU Throughput

HyMM: A Hybrid Sparse-Dense Matrix Multiplication Accelerator for GCNs

TLP Balancer: Predictive Thread Allocation for Multi-Tenant Inference in Embedded GPUs

An Entropy Model for GPU Register Compression

VitBit: Enhancing Embedded GPU Performance for AI Workloads through Register Operand Packing

SAVector: Vectored Systolic Arrays

Conflict-Aware Compiler for Hierarchical Register File on GPUs

Adaptive Kernel Merge and Fusion for Multi-Tenant Inference in Embedded GPUs

MAD MAcce: Supporting Multiply-Add Operations for Democratizing Matrix-Multiplication Accelerator

Warped-MC: An Efficient Memory Controller Scheme for Massively Parallel Processors

R2D2: Removing ReDunDancy Utilizing Linearity of Address Generation in GPUs

Imprecise Store Exceptions

AstriFlash: A Flash-Based System for Online Services

SnakeByte: A TLB Design with Adaptive and Recursive Page Merging in GPUs

Scale-Out Systolic Arrays

FLIXR: Embedding Index into Flash Translation Layer in SSDs

CASH-RF: A Compiler-Assisted Hierarchical Register File in GPUs

Analyzing GCN Aggregation on GPU

GhostLeg: Selective Memory Coalescing for Secure GPU Architecture

TEA-RC: Thread Context-Aware Register Cache for GPUs

Rebooting Virtual Memory with Midgard

Duplo: Lifting Redundant Memory Accesses of Deep Neural Networks for GPU Tensor Cores

Linebacker: Preserving Victim Cache Lines in Idle Register Files of GPUs

Adaptive Cooperation of Prefetching and Warp Scheduling on GPUs

FineReg: Augmenting GPU Throughput via Fine-Grained Register File Management

WASP: Selective Data Prefetching with Monitoring Runtime Warp Progress on GPUs

Dynamic Resizing on Active Warps Scheduler to Hide Operation Stalls on GPUs

Access Pattern-Aware Cache Management for Improving Data Utilization in GPU

APRES: Improving Cache Efficiency by Exploiting Load Characteristics on GPUs

DRAW: Investigating Benefits of Adaptive Fetch Group Size on GPU

Improving Pipeline Utilization with Two-Level Instruction Issue on GPUs

Introduction to Researches on Performance Bottlenecks of Many-Core GPU Architectures

GPU-Friendly Parallel Genome Matching with Tiled Access and Reduced State Transition Table

Multi-Threaded Filtered BackProjection Algorithm on Multi-Core Processors

Accelerated Reconstruction Using Parallel Computing for Spiral Spectroscopic Imaging

Hardware Implementation of a Tessellation Accelerator for the OpenVG Standard

Accuracy Boosters: Epoch-Driven Mixed-Mantissa Block Floating Point for DNN Training

AstriFlash: An Online Flash-Based Memory Hierarchy

Accelerating Neural Network with Selective Thread-Level Parallelism Regulation and Cache Bypassing on GPUs

Access pattern-aware cache management for improving data utilization in GPU

APRES: Improving cache efficiency by exploiting load characteristics on GPUs

Scale-out Systolic Arrays

Finereg: Fine-grained register file management for augmenting gpu throughput

Snakebyte: A tlb design with adaptive and recursive page merging in gpus

Effective interplay between sparsity and quantization: From theory to practice

Linebacker: Preserving victim cache lines in idle register files of GPUs

R2d2: Removing redundancy utilizing linearity of address generation in gpus

Savector: Vectored systolic arrays

Draw: investigating benefits of adaptive fetch group size on gpu

GPU-friendly parallel genome matching with tiled access and reduced state transition table

Analyzing GCN aggregation on GPU

Rebooting virtual memory with midgard. In 2021 ACM/IEEE 48th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA)

WASP: Selective data prefetching with monitoring runtime warp progress on GPUs

Mad macce: Supporting multiply-add operations for democratizing matrix-multiplication accelerators

Accuracy boosters: Epoch-driven mixed-mantissa block floating-point for dnn training

Won Woo Ro

Myung Kuk Yoon

Gunjae Koo

Babak Falsafi

Murali Annavaram

William J. Song

Siddharth Gupta

Abhishek Bhattacharjee

Dongho (Lucas) Ha

Yongjun Park

Martin Jaggi

Ayan Chakraborty

Keunsoo Kim

Simla Burcu Harma

Mathias Payer

Canberk Sönmez

Bogil Kim

Hyeonjin Kim

Jiwon Lee

Yunho Oh

Long latency of memory operation is a prominent performance bottleneck in graphics processing units (GPUs). The small data cache that must be shared across dozens of warps (a collection of threads) creates significant cache contention and premature data eviction. Prior works have recognized this problem and proposed warp throttling which reduces the number of active warps contending for cache space. In this paper we discover that individual load instructions in a warp exhibit four different types of data locality behavior: (1) data brought by a warp load instruction is used only once, which is classified as streaming data (2) data brought by a warp load is reused multiple times within the same warp, called intra-warp locality (3) data brought by a warp is reused multiple times but across different warps, called inter-warp locality (4) and some data exhibit both a mix of intra- and inter-warp locality. Furthermore, each …

Long memory latency and limited throughput become performance bottlenecks of GPGPU applications. The latency takes hundreds of cycles which is difficult to be hidden by simply interleaving tens of warp execution. While cache hierarchy helps to reduce memory system pressure, massive Thread-Level Parallelism (TLP) often causes excessive cache contention. This paper proposes Adaptive PREfetching and Scheduling (APRES) to improve GPU cache efficiency. APRES relies on the following observations. First, certain static load instructions tend to generate memory addresses having very high locality. Second, although loads have no locality, the access addresses still can show highly strided access pattern. Third, the locality behavior tends to be consistent regardless of warp ID. APRES schedules warps so that as many cache hits generated as possible before any cache misses generated. This is to minimize …

Computer systems designers are building cache hierarchies with higher capacity to capture the ever-increasing working sets of modern workloads. Cache hierarchies with higher capacity improve system performance but shift the performance bottleneck to address translation. We propose Midgard, an intermediate address space between the virtual and the physical address spaces, to mitigate address translation overheads without program-level changes.Midgard leverages the operating system concept of virtual memory areas (VMAs) to realize a single Midgard address space where VMAs of all processes can be uniquely mapped. The Midgard address space serves as the namespace for all data in a coherence domain and the cache hierarchy. Because real-world workloads use far fewer VMAs than pages to represent their virtual address space, virtual to Midgard translation is achieved with hardware structures …

Multi-pod systolic arrays are emerging as the architecture of choice in DNN inference accelerators. Despite their potential, designing multi-pod systolic arrays to maximize effective throughput/Watt—i.e., throughput/Watt adjusted when accounting for array utilization—poses a unique set of challenges. In this work, we study three key pillars in multi-pod systolic array designs, namely array granularity, interconnect, and tiling. We identify optimal array granularity across workloads and show that state-of-the-art commercial accelerators use suboptimal array sizes for single-tenancy workloads. We, then evaluate the bandwidth/latency trade-offs in interconnects and show that Butterfly networks offer a scalable topology for accelerators with a large number of pods. Finally, we introduce a novel data tiling scheme with custom partition size to maximize utilization in optimally sized pods. We propose Scale-out Systolic Arrays , a …

This paper introduces a GPU architecture named Duplo that minimizes redundant memory accesses of convolutions in deep neural networks (DNNs). Convolution is one of the fundamental operations used in various classes of DNNs, and it takes the majority of execution time. Various approaches have been proposed to accelerate convolutions via general matrix multiplication (GEMM), Winograd convolution, fast Fourier transform (FFT), etc. Recent introduction of tensor cores in NVIDIA GPUs particularly targets on accelerating neural network computations. A tensor core in a streaming multiprocessor (SM) is a specialized unit dedicated to handling matrix-multiply-and-accumulate (MMA) operations. The underlying operations of tensor cores represent GEMM calculations, and lowering a convolution can effectively exploit the tensor cores by transforming deeply nested convolution loops into matrix multiplication …

Graphics processing units (GPUs) include a large amount of hardware resources for parallel thread executions. However, the resources are not fully utilized during runtime, and observed throughput often falls far below the peak performance. A major cause is that GPUs cannot deploy enough number of warps at runtime. The limited size of register file constrains the number of cooperative thread arrays (CTAs) as one CTA takes up a few tens of kilobytes of registers. We observe that the actual working set size of a CTA is much smaller in general, and therefore there is room for additional CTAs to run. In this paper, we propose a novel GPU architecture called FineReg that improves overall throughput by increasing the number of concurrent CTAs. In particular, FineReg splits the monolithic register file into two regions, one for active CTAs and another for pending CTAs. Using FineReg, the GPU begins normal executions …

This paper presents an address translation scheme in GPUs named SnakeByte that can dynamically manage variable-sized pages and maximize TLB reach by recursively merging contiguous pages. Memory virtualization has become an integral part of GPUs to enhance programmability and memory management efficiency. However, conventional memory virtualization methods using multi-level page tables and caching them in TLBs are insufficient to provide GPUs with enough address translation coverage for the massive volume of data. SnakeByte implements a hardware-based address translation mechanism that recursively merges contiguous pages into larger page groups and effectively extends TLB coverage. SnakeByte allows multiple equal-sized pages coalescing into a page table entry (PTE). It records the validity of pages to be merged using a bit vector, and few bits are annexed to indicate the size of …

The increasing size of deep neural networks (DNNs) necessitates effective model compression to reduce their computational and memory footprints. Sparsity and quantization are two prominent compression methods that have been shown to reduce DNNs' computational and memory footprints significantly while preserving model accuracy. However, how these two methods interact when combined together remains a key question for developers, as many tacitly assume that they are orthogonal, meaning that their combined use does not introduce additional errors beyond those introduced by each method independently. In this paper, we provide the first mathematical proof that sparsity and quantization are non-orthogonal. We corroborate these results with experiments spanning a range of large language models, including the OPT and LLaMA model families (with 125M to 8B parameters), and vision models like ViT and ResNet. We show that the order in which we apply these methods matters because applying quantization before sparsity may disrupt the relative importance of tensor elements, which may inadvertently remove significant elements from a tensor. More importantly, we show that even if applied in the correct order, the compounded errors from sparsity and quantization can significantly harm accuracy. Our findings extend to the efficient deployment of large models in resource-constrained compute platforms to reduce serving cost, offering insights into best practices for applying these compression methods to maximize hardware resource efficiency without compromising accuracy.

This paper proposes a new architecture, called Adaptive PREfetching and Scheduling (APRES), which improves cache efficiency of GPUs. APRES relies on the observation that GPU loads tend to have either high locality or strided access patterns across warps. APRES schedules warps so that as many cache hits are generated as possible before the generation of any cache miss. Without directly predicting future cache hits/misses for each warp, APRES creates a warp group that will execute the same static load shortly and prioritizes the grouped warps. If the first executed warp in the group hits the cache, grouped warps are likely to access the same cache lines. Unless, APRES considers the load as a strided type and generates prefetch requests for the grouped warps. In addition, APRES includes a new dynamic L1 prefetch and data cache partitioning to reduce contentions between demand-fetched and …

Modern GPUs suffer from cache contention due to the limited cache size that is shared across tens of concurrently running warps. To increase the per-warp cache size prior techniques proposed warp throttling which limits the number of active warps. Warp throttling leaves several registers to be dynamically unused whenever a warp is throttled. Given the stringent cache size limitation in GPUs this work proposes a new cache management technique named Linebacker (LB) that improves GPU performance by utilizing idle register file space as victim cache space. Whenever a CTA becomes inactive, linebacker backs up the registers of the throttled CTA to the off-chip memory. Then, linebacker utilizes the corresponding register file space as victim cache space. If any load instruction finds data in the victim cache line, the data is directly copied to the destination register through a simple register-register move operation …

A generally used GPU programming methodology is that adjacent threads access data in neighbor or specific-stride memory addresses and perform computations with the fetched data. This paper demonstrates that the memory addresses often exhibit a simple linear value pattern across GPU threads, as each thread uses built-in variables and constant values to compute the memory addresses. However, since the threads compute their context data individually, GPUs incur a heavy instruction overhead to calculate the memory addresses, even though they exhibit a simple pattern. We propose a GPU architecture called Removing ReDunDancy Utilizing Linearity of Address Generation (R2D2), reducing a large amount of the dynamic instruction count by detecting such linear patterns in the memory addresses and exploiting them for kernel computations. R2D2 detects linearities of the memory addresses with software …

Modern datacenters host datasets in DRAM to offer large-scale online services with tight tail-latency requirements. Unfortunately, as DRAM is expensive and increasingly difficult to scale, datacenter operators are forced to consider denser storage technologies. While modern flash-based storage exhibits μs-scale access latency, which is well within the tail-latency constraints of many online services, traditional demand paging abstraction used to manage memory and storage incurs high overheads and prohibits flash usage in online services. We introduce AstriFlash, a hardware-software co-design that tightly integrates flash and DRAM with ns-scale overheads. Our evaluation of server workloads with cycle-accurate full-system simulation shows that AstriFlash achieves 95% of a DRAM-only system’s throughput while maintaining the required 99th-percentile tail latency and reducing the memory cost by 20x.

Conventional DNN inference accelerators are designed with a few (up to four) large systolic arrays. As such a scale-up architecture often suffers from low utilization, a scale-out architecture, in which a single accelerator has tens of pods and each pod has a small systolic array, has been proposed. While the scale-out architecture is promising, it still incurs increasing off-chip memory access as the pods are supposed to access the duplicate tiles of tensors. Prior work has proposed a shared buffer structure to address the problem, but those architectures suffer from performance degradation due to shared buffer access latency. We make an observation that all the pods access the same rows of input and weights within a short time window. With the observation, we propose a new inference accelerator architecture, called Vectored Systolic Arrays (SAVector). SAVector consists of a new two-level on-chip buffer …

Previously, hiding operation stalls is one of the important issues to suppress performance degradation of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). In this paper, we first conduct a detailed study of factors affecting the operation stalls in terms of the fetch group size on the warp scheduler. Throughout this paper, we find that the size of fetch group is highly involved in hiding various types of operation stalls. The short latency stalls can be hidden by issuing other available warps from the same fetch group. Therefore, the short latency stalls may not be hidden well under small sized fetch group since the group has the limited number of issuable warps to hide stalls. On the contrary, the long latency stalls can be hidden by dividing warps into multiple fetch groups. The scheduler switches the fetch groups when the warps in each fetch group reach the long latency memory operation point. Therefore, the stalls may not be hidden well …

In this paper, we propose a new parallel genome matching algorithm using graphics processing units (GPUs). Our proposed approach is based on the Aho–Corasick algorithm and it was developed based on a consideration of the architectural features of existing GPUs with a hundred or more cores. Thus, we provide an appropriate task partitioning method that runs on multiple threads and we fully utilize the cache memory and the shared memory structures available in GPUs. Especially, we propose a tiled access method for rapid data transfer from the global memory to the shared memory. We also provide new models for cache-friendly state transition table to improve performance of pattern matching operations on GPUs. The maximum throughput we achieved in various experiments was 15.3 Gbps. Moreover, we showed that our proposed design outperformed an earlier approach with a 15.4 % performance …

Graph convolutional neural networks (GCNs) are emerging neural networks for graph structures that include large features associated with each vertex. The operations of GCN can be divided into two phases - aggregation and combination. While the combination just performs matrix multiplications using trained weights and aggregated features, the aggregation phase requires graph traversal to collect features from adjacent vertices. Even though neural network applications rely on GPU’s massively parallel processing, GCN aggregation kernels exhibit rather low performance since graph processing using compressed graph structures provokes frequent irregular accesses in GPUs. In order to investigate the performance hurdles of GCN aggregation on GPU, we perform an in-depth analysis of the aggregation kernels using real GPU hardware and a cycle-accurate GPU simulator. We first analyze the characteristics …

This paper proposes a new data prefetching technique for Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) called Warp Aware Selective Prefetching (WASP). The main idea of WASP is to dynamically select warps whose progress is slower than that of the current warp as prefetching target warps. Under the in-order instruction execution model of GPUs, these prefetching target warps will certainly execute the same load as the current warp. Exploiting that, WASP prefetches the data for prefetching target warps, which allows the prefetched data to be accurately accessed. To simply verify the progress of the warps, WASP monitors the counts of the dynamic load executions for all warps. When a warp executes a load, WASP searches the warps with lower load execution counts than the current warp and generates the prefetch requests for them. In our evaluation, WASP achieves a 16.8 percent speedup compared to the baseline GPU.

Modern GPUs commonly employ specialized matrix multiplication units (MXUs) to accelerate matrix multiplication, the core computation of deep learning workloads. However, it is challenging to exploit the MXUs for GPGPU applications whose fundamental algorithms do not rely on matrix multiplication. Furthermore, an additional programming effort is necessary to tailor existing code or algorithms using dedicated APIs or libraries to utilize MXUs. Therefore, MXUs are often underutilized even when GPUs hunger for higher throughput. We observe that the intensive multiply-and-add (MAD) instructions often become bottlenecks in compute-intensive applications. Furthermore, such MAD instructions create computations similar to the dot-product operations of MXUs when they have data dependency. By leveraging these observations, we propose a novel MXU architecture called MAD MAcce that can handle both …

The unprecedented growth in DNN model complexity, size and the amount of training data have led to a commensurate increase in demand for computing and a search for minimal encoding. Recent research advocates Hybrid Block Floating-Point (HBFP) as a technique that minimizes silicon provisioning in accelerators by converting the majority of arithmetic operations in training to 8-bit fixed-point. In this paper, we perform a full-scale exploration of the HBFP design space including minimal mantissa encoding, varying block sizes, and mixed mantissa bit-width across layers and epochs. We propose Accuracy Boosters, an epoch-driven mixed-mantissa HBFP that uses 6-bit mantissa only in the last epoch and converts 99.7% of all arithmetic operations in training to 4-bit mantissas. Accuracy Boosters enable reducing silicon provisioning for an HBFP training accelerator by 16.98× as compared to FP32, while preserving or outperforming FP32 accuracy.

Computer Architecture and System Software Laboratory

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HALO: Hybrid Systolic Arrays via Logical Partitioning for Acceleration of Complex-Valued Neural Networks

FINEA: An Efficient Neural Network Accelerator Exploiting Factorized Input Features

A Low-latency On-chip Cache Hierarchy for Load-to-use Stall Reduction in GPUs

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교수님 소개

오윤호

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알럼나이가 간 회사

연구실 지원 방법

대우 조건

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저널 & 학회 논문 출판 수

연구실 논문 목록

HALO: Hybrid Systolic Arrays via Logical Partitioning for Acceleration of Complex-Valued Neural Networks

FINEA: An Efficient Neural Network Accelerator Exploiting Factorized Input Features

A Low-latency On-chip Cache Hierarchy for Load-to-use Stall Reduction in GPUs

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